Piangjai Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the combined effects of competition and larval density. rufifacies, Ch. The substrate of carrion is ephemeral, and flies that feed on it rarely complete more than one generation on a single carrion item (Beaver 1977); so the number of eggs or larvae in carrion frequently exceeds its carrying capacity (Kneidel 1984). C. They pointed out that the response of Hemipyrellia ligurriens to larval competition was clearly of the second type. Rearing of all stock colonies was performed in a growth chamber at 28°C, 80% RH, and a 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod. The fact that this species of fly has only been found in America recently but has been found in most tropic countries of the “Old World” for some time leads to its surna… Objective: To observe the effect of feeding on different pig tissues on the development of Chrysomya megacephala larvae. Hu The third instars of C. rufifacies were able to expel C. megacephala larvae from food by using a fleshy protrusion on their body surface; C. megacephala was usually forced to pupate earlier by shortening its larval stages. W.A.C. According to our observations, as a primary fly, predation and cannibalism are rare in C. rufifacies. Traditionally, we use a maggot’s age to approach the PMI, and a maggot’s age is usually determined by its species, instar, length, and thermal history (Greenberg and Kunich 2002). In addition, C. megacephala usually has a larger body size and better moving and climbing abilities. Larval secretions and excretions were left on the food after the larvae had fed, and this may have altered the nearby microenvironment. Interspecific competition affected larval development differently at different larval stages. Chrysomya megacephala is a saprophagous fly whose larvae can compost manure and yield biomass and bio‐fertilizer simultaneously. Hung For the mixed-species cultures, an equal ratio of larval numbers of the two species was placed in the same cup, and the experiments were performed at the same density and rearing condition as in the single-species culture. 9B). The developmental period of C. megacephala from egg col-lection until peak feeding the third instar was 92h in both study replicates. Competition generally reduced the larval developmental time and adult dry weight of C. rufifacies except at extremely high densities (>1000 larvae/60 g medium; Fig. B Biol. showed the coexistence of third instar larvae of the three blow flies C. megacephala, Chrysomya villeneuviPatton, an unknown blowfly species and one muscid,Hydrotaea sp. Obviously, the different strategies above may more or less reflect individual species characteristics and also strongly indicate the important role that density plays in intraspecific competition. However, our results did not completely agree with previous studies, and we suspect that the difference was partially caused by different experimental designs and different biological characters of different blow fly colonies. 2004) and other areas in the region, such as China (Zhu et al. The durations of larval stages of these two species could be decreased by ≈54 h when a single species was reared alone and food was limited; the largest reduction in larval duration, ≈25 h in C. megacephala and 34 h in C. rufifacies, caused by interspecific competition was under a high larval density. Sugar water and a mixture of milk powder and sugar were provided as food for the adults. Interspecific competition also significantly affected larval duration in most of the different temperature treatments except for that at 33°C (Table 2). 1B). t-test analysis was performed to determine the effects of competition, Duncan’s new multiple-range test was used to analyze the different parameters at different temperatures, and two-way ANOVA was used to test the interactions of the two factors of temperature and competition. The oil content obtained from the dehydrated CML ranged from 24.40% to 26.29% since restaurant garbage varies in composition day to day. Following the experimental design of Faria et al. Finally, the aggregation and coexistence is long been considered an important factor in carrion fly competition. Chrysomya megacephala. Baumgartner Duncan’s new multiple-range test was performed to determine the density effects on larval development. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Figure 10A shows the predation actions of a third-instar larva of C. rufifacies against a third instar of C. megacephala. Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies are two predominant necrophagous species in Taiwan. In this study, these two species were colonized in the laboratory, and the main objective was to try to understand the effect of competition on larval development. Tel. Figure 6 shows that the larval developmental duration of C. megacephala did not change with different competition intensities (r = -0.0472, P = 0.819) but was significantly reduced in C. rufifacies when the intensity increased (r = -0.5999, P < 0.0001). For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. The objectives of this study were to provide more detailed larval developmental and behavior data under intra- and interspecific competition and different temperature effects and to try to determine factors affecting competition when using these developmental data to estimate the PMI. Compared with the single-species cultures, the larval duration of mixed-species cultures were shortened by 4.9≈11.9 h, and these time reductions were ≈4.66≈6.52% of those in single-species cultures. Except at 16°C, interspecific competition caused significant reductions in both the larval developmental duration and adult dry weight at different temperatures (Table 1). Chrysomya megacephala(oriental latrine fly), a member of Chrysomya (Insect, Diptera, Calliphoridae), is widely distributed in the United States, Australia, Argentina, Europe, and Asia –. Developmental data of blowflies can be used to estimate the short-term postmortem interval (PMI), normally a few hours to a few days (Catts and Goff 1992). Nevertheless, C. megacephala had relatively stable survivorship under interspecific competition. The adult dry weights of C. megacephala were higher than those of C. rufifacies at low rearing densities, but were nevertheless lower when the density exceeded 320 larvae/60 g (Fig. Our results also suggest that both the predation ability and defense or escape activity should be taken into account when evaluating larval competitive advantages. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) fly (Oriental latrines fly) is a common complete metamorphosis insect, which belongs to Chrysomya genus, Calliphoridae family, Dipteral order; It famous for used as a death investigator in forensic entomology and as a economic insect pollinator in orchards , ; In China, C. megacephala (Fabricius) larvae (CML) are been used as traditional Chinese medicine … C. megacephala larvae tended to move to their conspecific fecal material in all three larval stages (Tables 3 and 4); nevertheless, the first-instar larvae of C. rufifacies tended to move to fecal material of C. megacephala (Table 5). Godoy . Faria Godoy Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Omori Furthermore, if other species, such as C. megacephala, are present, C. rufifacies larvae tend to invade the other species’ preexisting maggot mass. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Biological factors, especially the behavioral factors of competition and predation, have nevertheless seldom been thoroughly discussed in previous studies. Oil was extracted from the CML raised by feeding on restaurant garbage for five days. Shiao SF (1), Yeh TC. The larval developmental time of C. megacephala did not significantly differ under the densities of 10–160 larvae/60 g artificial diet (F = 0.50; df = 4,20; P = 0.736) and was ~l32.5 h at 28°C on average, but it was significantly reduced when the density exceeded 160/60 g (F = 37.74; P < 0.001). Chrysomya albiceps, the larvae of which are facultative predators of larvae of other dipteran species, has been introduced to the Americas over recent years along with other Old World species of blowflies, including Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Chrysomya rufifacies. In general, except at low breeding densities (≤160 larvae/60 g medium) and extremely high densities (>1,000 larvae/60 g medium), interspecific competition reduced larval survivorship as the density increased. The Oriental Latrine Fly, Chrysomya megacephala Fabricius, 1794, is notorious in this regard. Olson However, we believe that C. rufifacies did not actually benefit from its facultative characteristics in the mixed-species condition, and in contrast, it suffered from the early departure of C. megacephala under higher larval densities. However, with interspecific competition, the first-instar larvae of C. rufifacies invaded maggot masses of C. megacephala to feed together. Under these conditions, the maximum yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from CMLO was 87.71%. Larval survivorship increased as the density increased at densities of ≤160 larvae/60 g under interspecific competition but strongly decreased as density exceeded 160 larvae/60 g (Fig. . . 1A). M.A. They also believed that the movement of numerous mouthhooks combined with the secretions of larval salivary and proteolytic enzymes increase the efficiency of the feeding process and the rate of larval development. This means that interactions caused by these two coexisting primary fly species, such as competition and predation, may frequently play important roles in the successional dynamics of this early carrion faunal assemblage. The larval morphology of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) is presented using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under our mixed-specific rearing, the larval developmental rate, adult dry weight, and larval survivorship of C. rufifacies significantly changed (Fig. Faria Effects of single- or mixed-species rearing on the body lengths of first-, second-, and third-instar larvae of C. megacephala (A) and C. rufifacies (B) at 28°C. As Ullyett (1950) mentioned, a fly of smaller growth weight required a smaller quantity of food for full development; its more rapid and earlier development on carrion has a distinct advantage over other species in the acquisition of food. Faria 4A and B). According to our general survey in the Taipei area (Chen et al. Developmental duration, survivorship, and adult dry weight were recorded for each treatment. This procedure also involves comparisons to previously existing experimental data for reference (Goff 1992). The results indicated that a temporary competitive advantage could only be obtained by C. rufifacies under a proper larval density. 5. . B. Results of two-way ANOVA showed the interactions between the two factors of interspecific competition and temperature were statistically significant in both species (for C. megacephala, F = 3.759, df = 4, P = 0.009; for C. rufifacies, F = 5.886, df = 3, P = 0.002). G. H. The newly hatched larvae of C. rufifacies always climbed around on the medium for a while, usually ≈1 d or longer, and then gathered to form their own maggot mass. 1C). Sci. Philos. Fecal material was respectively obtained by collecting the mixture of artificial diet after each instar larvae have fed (rearing conditions: same as in stock colonies; rearing density: 40 larvae/60 g of medium). Temporary competitive advantage over other maggots, including southern California, Arizona, Texas Louisiana! Suitable oviposition medium ( Ch areas of Central America, Japan, display... And Dudgeon ( 1989 ) have also shown that competition is an important factor in competition. Had fed, and competition intensity are three newly proposed factors that have not been discussed in previous.! Only be obtained by C. rufifacies could use the food after the larvae in advance was 53.9,... 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